Quantum navigation is an advanced technology for autonomous positioning that operates without reliance on external signals, particularly from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). For the merchant marine, whose safety and efficiency are critically dependent on the accuracy and continuity of navigational data, this technology offers the prospect of a radical increase in navigational reliability and provides a solution to the growing vulnerabilities of existing systems.

1. Principles of Operation

Quantum navigation is based on the inertial method; however, its implementation is elevated to a new physical level, which makes it possible to eliminate the main drawback of classical Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)—the rapid accumulation of error (drift).

 * Core Technology: The system's operation is based on atom interferometry. A cloud of atoms of a specific element (e.g., rubidium or strontium) is cooled by laser systems to temperatures approaching absolute zero (~-273.15^{\circ}C). In this state, the atoms exhibit wave-like properties and become extremely sensitive to the slightest inertial forces.

 * Quantum Sensors:

   * Accelerometer: Measures the linear acceleration of the vessel. Any change in velocity causes a shift in the quantum state of the cooled atoms. By measuring this shift with lasers, the system determines acceleration with unprecedented accuracy. The atoms, in essence, serve as an ideal fixed frame of reference.

   * Gyroscope: Similarly registers angular velocity (turns). The system detects the Sagnac effect or other inertial effects acting on the spin of the atoms, allowing for the high-precision determination of course changes.

By integrating data from these sensors, a quantum INS performs continuous dead reckoning from an initial point with minimal error, which in prototypes is on the order of a few meters over 24 hours of autonomous operation.

2. Key Advantages for the Maritime Industry

 * Complete Navigational Independence: The system is fully autonomous and does not require the reception of external signals. This ensures stable operation in areas where GNSS signals are unavailable, unstable, or intentionally jammed:

   * In high latitudes (the Arctic).

   * Underwater (for research and specialized vessels).

   * In zones of electronic warfare (EW) activity.

   * In ports with dense construction and in narrow fjords.

 * Enhanced Safety and Security: Due to the absence of external signal reception, the system is invulnerable to "spoofing" (coordinate falsification) and "jamming" attacks. This guarantees the integrity and reliability of navigation data, which is a fundamental aspect of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).

 * High-Precision Navigation and Long-Term Stability: Quantum INS can provide navigation with an accuracy comparable to GNSS over extended periods (hours and days). This is critically important for performing precise maneuvers, conducting complex offshore operations, and ensuring safety on busy sea lanes.

3. Current Status and Implementation Challenges

As of today, quantum navigation is predominantly in the military development and prototype stage. Successful trials have been conducted on naval vessels of several countries.

The main barriers to widespread adoption in the commercial fleet are:

 * Size and Complexity: Early systems required significant space and complex laboratory conditions. However, current research is focused on the miniaturization of components (e.g., Chip-Scale Atomic Clock—CSAC—technology and its analogs).

 * Power Consumption and Reliability: The equipment must comply with strict maritime standards for vibration resistance, energy efficiency, and durability.

 * Cost: The high price is a significant obstacle for the commercial sector.

Conclusion

Despite the existing challenges, quantum navigation represents a strategically important technology capable of revolutionizing the safety and autonomy of the merchant marine. As it becomes more affordable and refined, it will evolve from being merely a backup to a primary means of navigation for new-generation vessels, especially for the future Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), where the reliability and independence of the navigation system are key factors for success.